Why Address Verification Matters

A business's physical address is a fundamental data point in verification: it confirms where the business operates, provides consistency across data sources, and reveals risk signals through address type and validation status.

Address verification serves multiple purposes: validating deliverability through USPS, identifying high-risk address types (mail forwarding services, virtual offices, PO boxes), and ensuring consistency across Secretary of State records, websites, and applications. Different address types carry different risk profiles, and inconsistencies signal either data errors or potential fraud.

USPS Address Types

The United States Postal Service validates and classifies addresses into standardized types. Understanding these classifications helps assess address legitimacy and business operations.

STREET

Standard street addresses for homes, businesses, and commercial buildings.

Most common address type for established businesses
Includes suite numbers for multi-tenant buildings
USPS confirms deliverability and standardizes formatting

Example: 123 Main St Ste 200, New York, NY 10001

HIGH_RISE

Addresses in high-rise buildings with specific unit identifiers.

Multi-story buildings with numerous units
Common for businesses in urban commercial buildings
Includes apartment buildings, office towers, condominiums

Example: 456 Park Ave Apt 15B, New York, NY 10022

FIRM

Business-specific addresses where mail is delivered to a firm name rather than an individual.

Used for large corporations, government offices, or institutions
Often includes department or division information
Indicates established, known entity to USPS

Example: Acme Corporation, 789 Corporate Blvd, Chicago, IL 60601

RURAL_ROUTE

Addresses in rural areas using route and box numbers instead of street addresses.

Common in less populated areas without traditional street addresses
Legitimate for businesses operating in rural regions
Format: RR [route number] Box [box number]

Example: RR 2 Box 45, Springfield, IL 62701

Risk consideration: Rural route addresses for businesses claiming urban operations or high transaction volumes warrant verification.

POST_OFFICE (PO Box)

Post Office boxes for mail receipt without physical address disclosure.

Cannot be used as primary business address for most state registrations
No physical location for business operations
Higher fraud correlation - often indicates no fixed commercial premises

Example: PO Box 1234, San Francisco, CA 94102

Risk consideration: PO Boxes as sole addresses indicate businesses hiding physical location or lacking fixed operations. Legitimate uses include supplemental mailing addresses or privacy for home-based businesses.

GENERAL_DELIVERY

Mail service for recipients without fixed addresses, held at post office for pickup.

Temporary mail solution for transient situations
Extremely rare for legitimate business operations
High fraud risk - indicates no stable address

Example: General Delivery, Austin, TX 78701

Risk consideration: Businesses using general delivery addresses should be flagged for heightened scrutiny or declined.

CMRA (Commercial Mail Receiving Agency)

Mail forwarding services that provide street addresses functioning as mailboxes, businesses appear to have physical locations but only receive mail there.

Common providers:

UPS Store
FedEx Office
PostNet, Pak Mail
Independent mail forwarding services

Risk considerations:

Business has no physical presence at that address (only a mailbox)
Higher fraud correlation: used to obscure true location
Legitimate use cases: Remote businesses, home-based businesses maintaining professional address

Why it matters:

CMRAs aren't inherently fraudulent, but indicate absence of physical operations at that location. Combined with other red flags (new business, thin file, high credit request), CMRA addresses warrant additional scrutiny.

Virtual Offices

Shared office space providers (Regus, WeWork, IWG) offering businesses professional addresses and occasional workspace access without full-time physical presence.

Risk considerations:

Mixed signal: legitimate for startups, consultants, remote-first companies
Also used by shell companies to project legitimacy
Evaluation depends on business type and supporting indicators

When to investigate:

Manufacturing or retail business using virtual office (inconsistent with claimed operations)
Dozens of unrelated businesses at same suite
Virtual office combined with other fraud indicators

Residential vs Commercial (RDI)

USPS classifies addresses as residential or commercial, indicating whether the location is primarily a home or business establishment.

Residential addresses:

Homes, apartments, condominiums
Common for home-based businesses, sole proprietors, freelancers
USPS designates with residential delivery indicator (RDI)

Commercial addresses:

Office buildings, retail spaces, industrial facilities
Expected for businesses claiming significant operations
USPS designates as commercial delivery

Risk assessment:

Low risk: Consulting firm at residential address (appropriate for business model)
High risk: Restaurant claiming to operate from apartment, manufacturing company at residential address

Why it matters:

Residential addresses aren't fraudulent, but should align with stated business type and scale. A business description inconsistent with home-based operations raises questions about legitimacy or accurate representation.

Address Consistency

Verifying that addresses match across multiple sources detects fraud and ensures accurate record-keeping.

Sources to cross-reference:

Secretary of State business registration
Business website contact information
Google Business Profile
Social media profiles
Application submitted address

Why consistency matters:

Legitimate businesses maintain consistent address information. Inconsistencies signal:

Data entry errors requiring correction
Recent moves not updated across all platforms
Intentional misrepresentation (fraud)
Shell companies with minimal operational footprint

Common issues:

Application address differs from Secretary of State records
Website lists different city than business registration

Investigation triggers:

Major inconsistencies (different cities or states) require explanation
Pattern of inconsistencies across multiple sources indicates higher risk

Address Changes

Businesses changing addresses frequently or recently can signal instability, fraud patterns, or business evolution.

Context matters:

Recent change (< 90 days): New business, recent move, or relocation
Multiple changes in short period: Business instability, financial distress, or fraud cycling
Address change during application: Verify reason and update verification accordingly

Why it matters:

Established businesses don't frequently change locations without operational reasons
Fraud operations may cycle through addresses to avoid detection
Recent moves may indicate financial problems

Risk indicators:

Three or more address changes in one year
Moving from commercial to residential address (potential downsizing or fraud)
Change immediately before applying for credit

Best Practices

Validate deliverability - Confirm USPS validation before proceeding with verification
Identify address type - Different types (CMRA, virtual office, PO Box, residential) carry different risk
Cross-reference sources - Check Secretary of State, website, and public records for consistency
Consider business context - Home-based consultant differs from home-based manufacturer
Investigate inconsistencies - Determine if mismatches are errors or fraud indicators
Monitor for changes - Ongoing monitoring catches address updates signaling potential risk

Baselayer Address Verification: Baselayer validates addresses through USPS, identifies address types and high-risk classifications (CMRA, virtual offices, PO Boxes), cross-references addresses across Secretary of State records, websites, and public data sources, and flags inconsistencies and recent changes - providing comprehensive address intelligence as part of business verification.